Центральная Азия в международных индексах и программах оценки управления земельными ресурсами.

Акбикеш Мухтарова

Высшая Школа Государственной Политики, Назарбаев Университет (ВШГП НУ), 01000, просп. Кабанбай батыра, 53, г. Нур-Султан, Республика Казахстан

E-mail: akbikesh.mukhtarova@nu.edu.kz

https://doi.org/10.29258/CAJWR/2021-R1.v7-2/74-96.eng
Аннотация

Научная литература охватывает различные аспекты управления земельными ресурсами, уделяя основное внимание аграрным, правовым и экономическим аспектам. Однако изучению управления земельными ресурсами через призму общественной политики уделяется мало внимания. В частности, это относится к странам Центральной Азии (ЦА), где наблюдается заметный недостаток научных работ посвященных изучению эффективности управления земельными ресурсами и стратегиям борьбы с коррупцией в земельном секторе. В данном обзоре анализируется вопрос о том, как страны Центральной Азии представлены в индексах и системах оценки качества управления земельными ресурсами, таких как Система оценки управления земельными ресурсами Всемирного банка (LGAF), Глобальном индексе прав собственности (Prindex), Глобальном индексе управления земельными ресурсами (LANDex), а также Барометре открытых данных (The Open Data Barometer). В статье используется комплексный обзор академических работ и эмпирических данных, проанализированных автором о показателях Центральной Азии в индексах и программах оценки управления земельными ресурсами. Обзор показал, что, результаты Prindex для региона выглядят позитивными, однако отсутствие активного участия стран Центральной Азии в Барометре открытых данных, LANDex и LGAF все еще заметны. Этот факт можно объяснить различными причинами, в том числе недостатком институционального и правового потенциала в странах ЦА в сфере измерения качества управления земельными ресурсами; вместе с тем, и недостатками в методах сбора данных, наблюдаемых в существующих земельных индексах. Учитывая, что эта тема недостаточно изучена, ожидается, что данная обзорная статья придаст как академическому сообществу, так и специалистам — практикам региона и зарубежным экспертам импульс для дальнейшего изучения и обсуждения вопросов связанных с улучшением показателей Центральной Азии в глобальных индексах и программах оценки управления земельными ресурсами.

Скачать публикацию (eng)

Для цитирования: Mukhtarova, A. (2021) ‘Central Asia performance review in land governance indices and assessment frameworks’, Central Asian Journal of Water Research, 7(2), pp. 74–96. doi: 10.29258/CAJWR/2021-R1.v7-2/74-96.eng.

Список литературы

Abdurasulov, A. (2016, April 28). Kazakhstan’s land reform protests explained. BBC News. Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-36163103.

Almagambetov, N. (2005). The Impact of Land Reform on Economic Development of Kazakhstan. Open Society Institute. Retrieved from http://pdc.ceu.hu/archive/00002545/01/almaganbetov.pdf.

Borras Jr, S. M., & Franco, J. C. (2010). Contemporary Discourses and Contestations around Pro-Poor Land Policies and Land Governance. Journal of Agrarian Change, 10(1), 1–32. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0366.2009.00243.x.

Brankov, T. P., & Tanjević, N. (2013). Corruption in Land Sector. Economics of Agriculture. Vol. 60.( 2) 2013. Retrieved from http://www.ea.bg.ac.rs/index.php/EA/article/view/468/421.  

Broome, M.E. (1993). Integrative literature reviews for the development of concepts. Concept Development in Nursing, 2nd edn (Rodgers B.L. & Knafl K.A., eds), W.B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, PA., 231–250.

Cai, H., Henderson, J., & Zhang, Q. (2013). China’s land market auctions: Evidence of corruption? The RAND Journal of Economics, 44(3), 488-521. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/43186429.

Carr, I., & Jago, R. (2014). Petty Corruption, Development and Information Technology as an Antidote. The Round Table, 103(5), 465–482. https://doi.org/10.1080/00358533.2014.966495.

Ceddia, M., Bardsley, N., Gomez-y-Paloma, S., & Sedlacek, S. (2014). Governance, agricultural intensification, and land sparing in tropical South America. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 111(20), 7242- 7247. Retrieved from www.jstor.org/stable/23774161.  

Childress, D. (2004). Agrarian Research Institutes and Civil Society in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan in Search for Linkages. United Nations Institute for Social Development. Geneva. Retrieved from https://www.unrisd.org/80256B3C005BCCF9/httpNetITFramePDF?ReadForm&parentunid=E1DB939809ADDE7CC1256FCD004BF15E&parentdoctype=paper&netitpath=80256B3C005BCCF9/(httpAuxPages)/E1DB939809ADDE7CC1256FCD004BF15E/$file/childres.pdf.

Chiodelli, F., & Moroni, S. (2015). Corruption in land-use issues: A crucial challenge for planning theory and practice. Town Planning Review, 86(4), 437–455. https://doi.org/10.3828/tpr.2015.27.

Davies, T. & Chattapadhyay, S. (2019). Open Data and Land Ownership’, in Davies, T. et al. (eds) The State of Open Data: Histories and Horizons. Cape Town and Ottawa: African Minds and International Development Research Centre, 181–195. Doi: 10.5281/ZENODO.2677839.

De Maria, M. & Howai, N. (2021). The Role of Open Data in Fighting Land Corruption. Bonn and Eschborn. Retrieved from https://landportal.org/library/resources/role-open-data-fighting-land-corruption-0.

Deininger, K., Selod, H., & Burns, A. (2012). The Land Governance Assessment Framework: Identifying and Monitoring Good Practice in the Land Sector. The World Bank. Retrieved from  https://doi.org/10.1596/978-0-8213-8758-0.

Deininger, K. Hilhorst, T. and Songwe, V. (2014). Identifying and addressing land governance constraints to support intensification and land market operation: Evidence from 10 African countries. Food Policy, 2014, vol. 48, issue C, 76-87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2014.03.003.

Dodson, J., Coiacetto, E. & Ellway, C. (2005). Corruption in the Australian Land Development Process: Identifying a research agenda. Urban Research Program, Griffith Governance. Retrieved from https://apo.org.au/sites/default/files/resource-files/2005-12/apo-nid60375.pdf.

Enemark, S., McLaren, R., & Molen, P. (2010). Land governance in support of the millennium development goals: A new agenda for land professionals : FIG, World Bank conference, 9-10 March 2009, Washington D.C., USA. International Federation of Surveyors (FIG). Retrieved from https://www.fig.net/resources/publications/figpub/pub45/figpub45.pdf.

Enemark, S., McLaren, R. & C. Lemmen. (2016). Fit-for-purpose land administration. Guiding Principles for Country Implementation. United Nations Human Settlements Programme UN-Habitat. Retrieved from https://www.fig.net/news/news_2016/2016_07_gltnguide/fit-for-purpose-land-adm-guiding-principles-for-country-implementation.pdf.

FAO. (2012). The overarching goals of the Voluntary Guidelines on the Responsible Governance of Tenure of Land, Fisheries and Forests in the Context of National Food Security. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Rome. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/3/i2801e/i2801e.pdf.

Hall, D. (2013). Land. Cambridge: Polity Press.

Ho, P. (2001). Who Owns China’s Land? Policies, Property Rights and Deliberate Institutional Ambiguity. The China Quarterly, (166), 394-421. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/3451163.    

Jaitner, A., Schilling, F.& Matthaei, E. (2020). Open Data as a means to promote transparency in land governance- what it takes. Paper prepared for presentation at the
“2020 World Bank Conference on Land and Poverty. The World Bank — Washington DC, March 16-20, 2020. Retrieved from https://landportal.org/library/resources/open-data-means-promote-transparency-land-governance.  

Jardine, B., Khashimov, S., Lemon, E., & Uran Kyzy, A. (2020, September 28). Mapping Patterns of Dissent in Eurasia: Introducing the Central Asia Protest Tracker. The Oxus Society for Central Asian Affairs. Retrieved from https://oxussociety.org/mapping-patterns-of-dissent-in-eurasia-introducing-the-central-asia-protest-tracker/

Jones, K. D. (2003). Land Privatization and Conflict in Central Asia: is Kyrgyzstan a model? In eds. D. Burghart and T. Sabonis-Helf. In the Tracks of Tamerlane: Central Asia`s Paths to the 21st Century. Washington DC. Center for Technology and National Security Policy, pp. 259-273. Defernce Technical Information Center. Retrieved from http://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/hlm/prgm/cph/experts/kyrgyzstan/documents/Chapter12.land.privatization.pdf .

International Land Coaltion. (2020). Uneven Ground. Land Inequality in the Heart of Unequal Societies. Research Findings from The Land Inequality Initiative. Synthesis Report. United For Land Rights. Retrieved from https://d3o3cb4w253x5q.cloudfront.net/media/documents/2020_11_land_inequality_synthesis_report_uneven_ground_final_en_spread_low_res_2.pdf.

Kakai, S. (2012). Government and land corruption in Benin. The Land Deal Politics Initiative. LDPI Working Paper. ISS. Retrieved from https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/57a08a96ed915d622c0007e9/LDPI12-Kakai.pdf.

Kurmanova, G. (2014). Regulation of Land Attitudes in Kazakhstan. Conferences series: Earth Environmental Science. Retrieved from https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1755-1315/20/1/012028/pdf.  

Land Portal. (2021). Securing land rights through open data. Retrieved from https://landportal.org/.

LANDex. (2021a). Global Land Governance Index. Retrieved from https://www.landexglobal.org/en/.

LANDex. (2021b). Kyrgyzstan. Commitment Overview. Retrieved from https://www.landexglobal.org/en/country/417/.  

Lee-Jones, K. (2021). Overview of corruption and anti — corruption in Central Asia: Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. Transparency International Anti-Corruption Helpdesk Answer. Transparency International.  Retrieved from https://knowledgehub.transparency.org/assets/uploads/helpdesk/Regional-Overview-of-corruption-and-anti-corruption-in-Central-Asia_2021_PR.pdf

López-Valcárcel, B. G. & Jiménez, J. L. & Perdiguero, J. (2017). Danger: Local corruption is contagious! Journal of Policy Modeling, Elsevier, vol. 39(5), 790-808. Retrieved from https://archivo.alde.es/encuentros.alde.es/anteriores/xviieea/trabajos/g/pdf/179.pdf.

Masuda, Y. J., Kelly, A. C., Robinson, B. E., Holland, M. B., Bedford, C., Childress, M., Game, E. T., Ginsburg, C., Hilhorst, T., Lawry, S. W., Miteva, D. A., Musengezi, J., Naughton‐Treves, L., Sunderlin, W. D., & Veit, P. (2020). How do practitioners characterize land tenure security? Conservation Science and Practice, 2(5). https://doi.org/10.1111/csp2.186.

Messerli, P., Peeters, A., Schoenweger, O., Nanhthavong, V., and Heinimann, A. (2015). Marginal Lands or Marginal People? Analysing Key Processes Determining the Outcomes of Large-Scale Land Acquisitions in Lao PDR and Cambodia, International Development Policy | Revue internationale de politique de développement. Retrieved from ://journals.openedition.org/poldev/2037; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4000/poldev.2037

Miller, D. L. C. & Pope, A. (2000). South African Land Reform. Journal of African Law, 44(2), 167-194.  Retrieved from www.jstor.org/stable/1587455

Moore, M. (2015). A political theory of territory. Oxford University Press. 

Mutondoro, F. Ncube and Addah, M. (2016). An Analysis of the Impact of Land Related Corruption on Women: Case Studies from Ghana and Zimbabwe. Transparency International Zimbabwe and Ghana Integrity Initiative. Paper prepared for presentation at the “2016 World Bank Conference on Land and Poverty. The World Bank — Washington DC, March 14-18, 2016. Retrieved from http://iffoadatabase.trustafrica.org/iff/AN%20ANALYSIS%20OF%20THE%20IMPACT%20OF%20LAND%20RELATED%20CORRUPTION%20ON.pdf.

Orjuela, C. (2014). Corruption and identity politics in divided societies, Third World Quarterly, 35:5, 753-769. doi: 10.1080/01436597.2014.921426  

Prindex. (2020). Global report. A global assessment of perceived tenure security from 140 countries. Retrieved from  https://www.prindex.net/reports/prindex-comparative-report-july-2020/.

Prindex. (2021). Data Explorer. Retrieved from  https://www.prindex.net/data/.

Richani, N. (2012). The Agrarian Rentier Political Economy: Land Concentration and Food Insecurity in Colombia. Latin American Research Review, 47, 51 — 78.  Retrieved from www.jstor.org/stable/23322170.  

Song, Y., Wang, M. Y., and Lei, X. (2016). Following the Money: Corruption, Conflict, and the Winners and Losers of Suburban Land Acquisition in China. Geographical Research, 54: 86– 102. doi: 10.1111/1745-5871.12158.

Spoor, M. (2018). 25 Years of Rural Development in post-Soviet Central Asia: Sustaining Inequalities, Eastern European Countryside24(1), 63-79. doi: https://doi.org/10.2478/eec-2018-0004.

State of the Nation Address by the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbayev, January 10, 2018 — Official website of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Akorda. (2021a.). Retrieved 6 August 2021, from https://www.akorda.kz/en/addresses/addresses_of_president/state-of-the-nation-address-by-the-president-of-the-republic-of-kazakhstan-nursultan-nazarbayev-january-10-2018.

State of the Nation Address by the President of The Republic of Kazakhstan Kassym-Jomart Tokayev’s, September 2, 2019 — Official website of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Akorda. (2021b.). Retrieved 6 August 2021, from https://www.akorda.kz/en/addresses/addresses_of_president/president-of-kazakhstan-kassym-jomart-tokayevs-state-of-the-nation-address-september-2-2019.

The Open Data Barometer. (2013). Global report. Eds. Davies. T. Retrieved from https://opendatabarometer.org/1stEdition/.

The Open Data Barometer. (2016a). Kazakhstan. Country detail. Retrieved from https://opendatabarometer.org/4thedition/detail-country/?_year=2016&indicator=ODB&detail=KAZ .  

The Open Data Barometer. (2016b). Kyrgyzstan. Country detail. Retrieved from https://opendatabarometer.org/4thedition/detail-country/?_year=2016&indicator=ODB&detail=KGZ.

The Open Data Barometer (2016c). Tajikistan. Country detail. Retrieved from https://opendatabarometer.org/4thedition/detail-country/?_year=2016&indicator=ODB&detail=TJK.

The Open Data Barometer. (2017). Global Report. Fourth Edition. World Wide Web Foundation. Retrieved from https://opendatabarometer.org/doc/4thEdition/ODB-4thEdition-GlobalReport.pdf.

The World Bank. (2012). The Land Governance Assessment Framework: Identifying and Monitoring Good Practice in the Land Sector. Agriculture and Rural Development. Eds. Deininger, K., Selod, H. & A. Burns. Retrieved from https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/2376.

The World Bank. (2019). What Is the Land Governance Assessment Framework (LGAF)? Retrieved from https://www.worldbank.org/en/programs/land-governance-assessment-framework.

Transparency International. (2013). Global Corruption Barometer 2013. Retrieved from https://images.transparencycdn.org/images/2013_GlobalCorruptionBarometer_EN_200525_112757.pdf.

Transparency Kazakhstan. (2021). Transparency Kazakhstan presented the results of monitoring the state of corruption in the country for 2020. Retrieved from http://tikazakhstan.org/transparency-kazakhstan-presented-the-results-of-monitoring-the-state-of-corruption-in-the-country-for-2020/.   

Trapnell, S., Jenkins, M. & Chêne, M. (2017). Tracking corruption across the framework — A sectoral approach. Report Title: Monitoring corruption and anti-corruption in the Sustainable Development Goals. Transparency International. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.com/stable/resrep20564.7.

UN-GGIM. (2019). Framework for Effective Land Administration. A reference for developing, reforming, renewing, strengthening or modernizing land administration and management systems. Expert Group on Land Administration and Management United Nations Committee of Experts on Global Geospatial Information Management (UN-GGIM). Retrieved from https://ggim.un.org/documents/FELA_Consultation_Draft.pdf.

United Nations. (2015). The 17 Sustainable Development Goals. Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Retrieved from https://sdgs.un.org/goals.

Visser, O., & Spoor, M. (2011). Land grabbing in post-Soviet Eurasia: The world’s largest agricultural land reserves at stake. Journal of Peasant Studies, 38(2), 299–323. https://doi.org/10.1080/03066150.2011.559010.

Visser, O., Mamonova, N., & Spoor, M. (2012). Oligarchs, megafarms and land reserves: Understanding land grabbing in Russia. 34. The Journal of Peasant Studies, 39: 3-4, 899-931, DOI: 10.1080/03066150.2012.675574.

Wegren, S.K. (2009). Land reform in Russia. Institutional Design and Behavioral Responses. UK, London: Yale University Press.

Wren-Lewis, L. (2013). Corruption in Land Administration: Roles for Donors to Minimize the Problem. U4 Brief March 2013 (1). Retrieved from https://ssrn.com/abstract=2659212.

World Wide Web Foundation. (2017). Open Data Barometer: As citizens demand accountability, governments keep data locked away. May 22, 2017. The Open Data Barometer. Retrieved from https://webfoundation.org/2017/05/open-data-barometer-as-citizens-demand-accountability-governments-keep-data-locked-away/.

 You, J. (2014). Land Reform, Inequality, and Corruption: A Comparative Historical Study of Korea, Taiwan, and the Philippines. The Korean Journal of International Studies. Vol.12-1, 191-224. Retrieved from https://ssrn.com/abstract=2505635.

Глобальный индекс прав собственности (Prindex), Глобальный индекс управления земельными ресурсами (LANDex), коррупция в системе управления земельными ресурсами, Центральная Азия