Low-cost filtering materials for domestic water treatment

Nematullah Fetrat ^a*, Ahmad Reza Rostayee ^a, Sai Kala ^b

^a Bamyan University, Hydarabad, Bamyan, 1601, Afghanistan
^b Andhra University, Andhra Pradesh, 530003, India

https://doi.org/10.29258/CAJWR/2024-R1.v10-2/79-94.eng

Corresponding author e-mail: fetrat.azizi123@gmail.com

Ahmad Reza Rostayee: ah.rrostayee@gmail.com, Sai Kala: kalagadepalli97@gmail.com

November 18, 2024

Abstract

The article investigates certain low-cost filtering materials and their filtration efficiency for open well sources in terms of economic access to clean water in Anakapalle, a suburb of Visa-khapatnam, India, during the pre-monsoon period of 2022. The corresponding research aimed to study a selection of filter materials including coconut shell activated carbon, rice husk ash, manganese modified sand, and graphene oxide, as well as assess their performance against selected physico-chemical parameters of water. Considering the basic idea of slow sand and gravity-based filtration, a setup was arranged with a cartridge filled with layers of filtering materials and a ceramic candle filter. Adsorption turned out the most pronounced removal mechanism that took place when utilizing the aforementioned filter materials. The main focus of the study was to reduce pH, TDS, hardness, alkalinity, chlorides and iron content by applying dif-ferent filtration removal mechanisms. The study results show a significant drop in turbidity, pH, TDS and chlorides, and small reduction in hardness when coconut shell activated carbon and rice husk ash were used as filtration media. Whereas the chemically coated medium – manga-nese modified sand – demonstrated a considerable fall in iron concentrations, graphene oxide sand was observed to reduce alkalinity for any sample source.

Available in English

Download the article (eng)

For citation:

Fetrat, N., Rostayee, A., Kala, S. (2024). Low-cost filtering materials for domestic water treatment. Central Asian Journal of Water Research,  10(2), 79-94. https://doi.org/10.29258/CAJWR/2024-R1.v10-2/79-94.eng

References

Abraham, N., Gokul, A., Murali, A., Kr, K. & Thaliyan, M. (2021a).  Removal Of Iron From Groundwater Using Ferric Hydroxide [Fe (OH) 3] Flocs, Rice Husk And Coconut Shell Charcoal: A. International Journal of Research in Engineering and Science (IJRES) 9 (July 2021), pp. 60-67;

Andrijanto, E., Subiyanto, G., Marlina, N., Citra, H. & Lintang, C. (2018). Preparation of graphene oxide sand composites as super adsorbent for water purification application. MATEC Web of Conferences;

Bansal, R.C. & Goyal, M. (2005).  Activated carbon adsorption.  CRC Press;

Barloková, D. & Ilavský, J. (2010).  Removal of iron and manganese from water using filtration by natural materials.  Polish Journal of Environmental Studies 19(6), pp. 1117-1122;

Bharadwaj, N., Mishra, P., Jain, R. & Uchchariya, D. (2016).  Use of Activated Carbon of Coconut Shell (Cocosnucifera) for Reduction of Chloride and Hardness of Water. International Advanced Research Journal in Science, Engineering and Technology 3(8), pp. 85-90;

Bhatnagar, A., Vilar, V.J., Botelho, C.M. & Boaventura, R.A. (2010).  Coconut-based biosorbents for water treatment — a review of the recent literature.  Advances in colloid and interface science 160(1-2), pp. 1-15;

Castro-Muñoz, R., Cruz-Cruz, A., Alfaro-Sommers, Y., Aranda-Jarillo, L.X. & Gontarek-Castro, E. (2022).  Reviewing the recent developments of using graphene-based nanosized materials in membrane separations.  Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology 52(19), pp. 3415-3452;

Cescon, A. & Jiang, J.-Q. (2020).  Filtration process and alternative filter media material in water treatment.  Water 12(12), p. 3377;

El-Harbawi, M. (2010).  Design of a portable dual purposes water filter system.  Journal of Engineering Science and Technology 5(2), pp. 165-175;

Hiremath, M., Angadi, B. & Desai, N.N. (2020).  Design and Fabrication of Indigenous Low Cost Water Filter Using Activated Carbon Prepared from Low Cost Materials.  2020 IEEE Bangalore Humanitarian Technology Conference (B-HTC);

Jia, H., Liu, J., Zhong, S., Zhang, F., Xu, Z., Gong, X. & Lu, C. (2015).  Manganese oxide coated river sand for Mn (II) removal from groundwater.  Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology 90(9), pp. 1727-1734;

Kang, H., Liu, Y., Li, D. & Xu, L. (2022).  Study on the Removal of Iron and Manganese from Groundwater Using Modified Manganese Sand Based on Response Surface Methodology.  Applied Sciences 12(22), p. 11798;

Magesh, N., Krishnakumar, S., Chandrasekar, N. & Soundranayagam, J.P. (2013). Groundwater quality assessment using WQI and GIS techniques, Dindigul district, Tamil Nadu, India.  Arabian Journal of Geosciences 6, pp. 4179-4189;

Mahmood, A. (2018).  Evaluation of raw water quality in Wassit governorate by Canadian water quality index.  MATEC Web of Conferences;

Malhotra, C., Patil, R., Kausley, S. & Ahmad, D. (2013).  Novel uses of rice-husk-ash (a natural silica-carbon matrix) in low-cost water purification applications.  AIP Conference Proceedings;

Mohan, D., Sarswat, A., Ok, Y.S. & Pittman Jr., C.U. (2014).  Organic and inorganic contaminants removal from water with biochar, a renewable, low cost and sustainable adsorbent – a critical review.  Bioresource technology 160, pp. 191-202;

Priyanka Singh, A.J. (2020).  Experimental Examinations on Purification of Water by Rice Husk and Its Ash.  International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE) 8, pp. 3771-3777;

Sampan Anvekar, A.M., Khan, A., Kalgutkar, H., Shirodkar, V. (2022).  A Review on Portable Water Purifier by Using Low Cost Filteration Materials.  Journal of Xidian University 16(2), pp. 278-280;

Shabiimam, M., Kazi, T., Anas, P. & Shifa, S. (2018).  Treatment of water using various filtration techniques: A review study.  Proc. of the 3rd Int. Conf. on Construction, Real Estate, Infrastructure and Project (CRIP) Management;

Shelton, T.B. (2005).  Interpreting drinking water quality analysis. What do the number mean;

Simonis, J. & Basson, A. (2012).  Manufacturing a low-cost ceramic water filter and filter system for the elimination of common pathogenic bacteria.  Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C 50, pp. 269-276;

Suribabu, C., Sudarsan, J. & Nithiyanantham, S. (2020).  Performance and technical valuation of candle-type ceramic filter for water purification.  International Journal of Energy and Water Resources 4, pp. 37-45.